Mould and mycotoxin contamination in food
OTA toxicity
Ochratoxin A producers
Occurrence of Ochratoxin A
Effect of water activity on OTA production
OTA destruction during roasting of coffee
Levels and distribution of OTA in green coffee (contamination, survey)
Effect of processing and handling on OTA content of green coffee
Effect of caffeine on OTA production
Socioeconomic impact of coffee production
International Coffee Trade and Commodity Chains

  Mould and mycotoxin contamination in food
Abarca, M.L., Accensi, F., Bragulat, M.R., & Cabanes, F.J. 2001. Current importance of ochratoxin A producing Aspergillus spp., J. Food Prot. 64(6): 903-906.

Batista, L.R., Chalfoun, S.M., Prado, G., Schwan, R.F., & Wheals, A.E. 2003. Toxigenic fungi associated with processed (green) coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.). Int. J. Food Microbiology 85: 293-300.

Chalfoun, S.M., & Batista, L.R. 2003. Fungos associados a frutos e grãos do café. Aspergillus e Penicillium. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brasília.

FAO & IAEA. 2001. Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 73.

Kozakiewicz, Z. 1989. Aspergillus species on stored products. Mycol. Pap. 161: 1-188.

Monaci, L., & Palmisano, F. 2004. Determination of ochratoxin A in foods: state-of-the-art and analytical challenges. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378(1): 96-103.

Pittet, A. 1998. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds - an updated review. Revue Med. Vet. 149(6): 479-492.

Smith, J.E., & Moss, M.O. 1985. Mycotoxins: formation, analysis and significance. Chichester, New York, John Wiley and Sons.

  OTA toxicity
FAO & WHO. 2002. Ochratoxin A In Evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food, 56th report of JECFA, pp. 27-35. Geneva, Switzerland.

Horvath, A., Upham. B.L., Ganev, V., & Trosko, J.E. 2002. Determination of the epigenetic effects of ochratoxin in a human kidney and a rat liver epithelial cell line. 40(3), 273-282.

Lebrun, S., & Follmann, W. 2002. Detection of ochratoxin A-induced DNA damage in MDCK cells by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). 75(11-12), 734-741.

Mally, A., Zepnik, H., Wanek, P., Eder, E., Dingley, K., Ihmels, H., Volkel, W., & Dekant, W. 2004. Ochratoxin A: lack of formation of covalent DNA adducts. Chem Res Toxicol. 17(2): 234-42.

Mareca, M., Mahfoud, R., Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., & Fantini, J. 2001. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A alters intestinal barrier and absorption functions but has no effect on chloride secretion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 176(1), 54-63.

O'-Brien, E., Heussner, A.H., & Dietrich, D.R. 2001. Species-, sex-, and cell type-specific effects of ochratoxin A and B. 63(2), 256-264.

Petzinger, E., & Ziegler, K. 2000. Ochratoxin A from a toxicological perspective. 23(2), 91-98.

Stack, M. E., Mislivec, P.B., Denizel, T., Gobson, R., & Pohland, A.E. 1983. Ochratoxins A and B, Xanthomegnin, Viomellein and Vioxanthin production by isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus from green coffee beans. J Food Prot. 46(11): 965-968.

Studer-Rohr, I., Dietrich, D.R., Schlatter, J., & Schlatter, Ch. 1994. Ochratoxin A in coffee: New evidence and toxicology. Lebensm Technol. 27(12): 435-441.

Van der Stegen, G., Jorissen, U., Pittet, A., Saccon, M., Steiner, W., Vicenzi, M., Winkler, M., Zapp, J., & Schlatter, C. 1997. Screening of European coffee final products for occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA). Food Addit. Contam. 14(3): 211-216.

Zepnik, H., Volkel, W., & Dekant, W. 2003. Toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in F 344 rats after oral administration. 192(1): 36-44.

  Ochratoxin A producers
Abarca, M.L., Accensi, F., Bragulat, M.R., & Cabanes, F.J. 2001. Current importance of ochratoxin A producing Aspergillus spp. J Food Prot. 64(6): 903-906.

Avallone, S., Guyot, B., Brillouet, J.M., Olguin, E., & Guiraud, J.P. 2001. Microbiological and biochemical study of coffee fermentation. Curr Microbiol. 42(4): 252-256.

Batista, L.R., Chalfoun, S.M., Prado, G., Schwan, R.F., & Wheals, A.E. 2003. Toxigenic fungi associated with processed (green) coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.). Int J Food Microbiol. 85(3): 293-300.

Bucheli, P., & Taniwaki, M.H. 2002. Research on the origin, and on the impact of post-harvest handling and manufacturing on the presence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Food Addit Contam. 19(7): 655-665.

Chalfoun, S.M., & Batista, L.R. 2003. Fungos associados a frutos e grãos do café. Aspergillus e Penicillium. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brasília.

Joosten, H.M., Goetz, J., Pittet, A., Schellenberg, M., & Bucheli, P. 2001. Production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus carbonarius on coffee cherries. Int J Food Microbiol. 65(1-2): 39-44.

Klich, M.A. 2002. Identification of common Aspergillus species. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Kozakiewicz, Z. 1989. Aspergillus species on stored products. Mycol. Pap. 161: 1-188.

Mantle, P.G., & Chow, A.M. 2000. Ochratoxin formation in Aspergillus ochraceus with particular reference to spoilage of coffee. Int J Food Microbiol. 56(1): 105-109.

Martins, M.L., Martins, H.M., & Gimeno, A. 2003. Incidence of microflora and of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica). Food Addit Contam. 20(12): 1127-1131.

Perez, J., Infante, F., Vega, F.E., Holguin, F., Macias, J., Valle, J., Nieto, G., Peterson, S.W., Kurtzman, C.P. & O'Donnell, K. 2003. Mycobiota associated with the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) in Mexico. Mycol Res. 107(Pt7): 879-887.

Pitt, J.I. 2000. A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species. Food Science Australia.

Silva, C.F., Schwan, R.F., Sousa-Dias, E.S., & Wheals, A.E. 2000. Microbial diversity during maturation and natural processing of coffee cherries of Coffea arabica in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol. 60(2-3): 251-260.

Suarez-Quiroz, M., Gonzalez Rio, O., Barel, M., Guyot, B., Schorr-Callinda, S. & Gulraud, J-P. 2004. Study of Ochartoxin A producing strains in coffee processing. Int. Journal of Food Science 39: 501-507.

Taniwaki, M.H., Pitt, J.I., Teixeira, A.A., & Iamanaka, B.T. 2003. The source of ochratoxin A in Brazilian coffee and its formation in relation to processing methods. Int J Food Microbiol. 82(2): 173-179.

Urbano, G.R., Taniwaki, M.H., Leitão, M.F., & Vicentini, M.C. 2001. Occurrence of ochratoxin A-producing fungi in raw Brazilian coffee. J Food Prot. 64(8): 1226-1230.

  Occurrence of Ochratoxin A
Archila, G.M., & Moreno, G.E. 1989. Ochratoxina A en café verde. In 13th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, Proceedings of Association Scientifique Internationale du Café (ASIC) Conferences, Paipa, Colombia.

Levi, C.P. 1980. Mycotoxins in coffee. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63(6): 1282-1285.

Levi, C.P., Trenk, H.L., & Mohr, H.K. 1974. Study of the occurrence of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 57(4): 866-870.

Martins, M.L., Martins, H.M., & Gimeno, A. 2003. Incidence of microflora and of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica). Food Addit Contam. 20(12): 1127-1131.

Micco, C., Grossi, M., Miraglia, M., & Brera, C. 1989. A study of the contamination by ochratoxin A in green and roasted coffee beans. Food Addit Contam. 6(3): 333-339.

Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF). 1996. Surveillance of Ochratoxin A in green coffee beans information. Food Surveillance Information Sheet, No. 80.

Mislivec, P.B., Brece, V.R., & Gibson, R. 1983. Incidence of toxigen and other molds in green coffee beans. J. Food Prot. 46(11): 969-973.

Nakajima, M., Tsubouchi, H., Miyabe, M., & Ueno, Y. 1997. Survey of Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in commercial green coffee beans by high-performance liquid chromatography linked with immunoaffinity chromatography. Food Agric Immunol. 9(2): 77-83.

Otteneder, H., & Majerus, P., 2001. OTA in coffee: nation-wide evaluation of data collected by German Food Control 1995 - 1999. Food Addit Contam. 18(5): 431-435.

Pardo, E., Marin, S., Ramos, A.J., & Sanchis, V. 2004. Occurrence of ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in green coffee from different origins. Food Sci Tech Int. 10(1): 45-49.

Schlatter, C. H., & Steigneier, M. 1991. Mycotoxin in coffee. In 14th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, Proceedings of Association Scientifique Internationale du Café (ASIC) Conferences, San Francisco, USA.

Studer-Rohr, I., Dietrich, D.R., Schlatter, J., & Schlatter, C. 1995. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Food Chem Toxicol. 33(5): 341-355.

Tsubouchi, H., Yamamoto, K., Hisada, K., & Sakabe, Y. 1984. A survey of occurrence of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in imported coffee beans. Proc Jpn Assoc Mycotoxicol. 19: 14-21.

Urbano, G.R., Taniwaki, M.H., Leitão, M.F., & Vicentini, M.C. 2001. Occurrence of ochratoxin A-producing fungi in raw Brazilian coffee. J Food Prot. 64(8): 1226-1230.

Walker, R. 1997. Quality and safety of coffee. In 17th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, Proceedings of Association Scientifique Internationale du Café (ASIC) Conferences, Nairobi.

  Effect of water activity on OTA production
Bacon, C.W., Sweeney, J.G., Robbins, J.D., & Burdick, D. 1973. Production of penicillic acid and ochratoxin A on poultry feed by Aspergillus ochraceus: Temperature and moisture requirements, Appl. Microbiol. 26(2), 155-160.

Frank, J.M. 1998. Chapter 13. Special metabolites in relation to conditions of growth.. In D. Arora, P. Bridge & J.C. Frisvad, eds. Chemical Fungal Taxonomy, pp. 321-344. New York, USA, Marcel Dekker.

Lai, M., Semeniuk, G., & Hesseltine, C.W. 1970. Conditions for the production of OTA by Aspergillus species in a synthetic medium. Appl Microbiol. 19(3): 542-544.

Northolt, M.D., van Egmont, H.P., & Paulsch, W.E. 1979. Ochratoxin A production by some fungal species in relation to water activity and temperature. J. Food Prot. 42(6): 485-490.

Pardo, E., Marín, S., Ramos, A.J., & Sanchis, V. 2005. Effect of water activity and temperature on mycelial growth and ochratoxin A production by isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus on irradiated green coffee beans. J Food Prot. 68(1): 133-138.

Taniwaki, M.H., Pitt, J.I., Teixeira, A.A., & Iamanaka, B.T. 2003. The source of ochratoxin A in Brazilian coffee and its formation in relation to processing methods. Int J Food Microbiol. 82(2): 173-179.

Taniwaki, M.H., Urbano, G.R., Cabrera Palacios, H.A., Leitão, M.F.F., Vicentini, M.C., Iamanaka, B.T. & Taniwaki, N.N. 2001. Influence of water activity on mould growth and ochratoxin A production in coffee. In 19th International Scientific colloquium on Coffee, Processings of Association Scientifique International du Café (ASIC) Conferences, Trieste, Italy.

  OTA destruction during roasting of coffee
Blanc, M., Pittet, A., Munoz-Box, R., & Viani, R. 1998. Behavior of Ochratoxin A during green coffee roasting and soluble coffee manufacture. J Agric Food Chem. 46(2): 673-675.

Micco, C., Grossi, M., Miraglia, M., & Brera, C. 1989. A study of the contamination by ochratoxin A in green and roasted coffee beans. Food Addit Contam. 6(3): 333-339.

Nandhan, T.N.G. 2001. Food safety - an emerging global challenge for Coffee Industry in India. Indian Coffee. 65: 3.

Romani, S., Pinnavaia, G.G., & Dalla Rosa, M. 2003. Influence of roasting levels on ochratoxin A content in coffee. J Agric Food Chem. 51(17): 5168-5171.

Studer-Rohr, I., Dietrich, D.R., Schlatter, J., & Schlatter, C. 1995. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Food Chem Toxicol. 33(5), 341-355.

Tsubouchi, H., Yamamoto, K., Hisada, K., Sakabe, Y., & Udagawa, S. 1987. Effect of roasting on ochratoxin A level in green coffee beans inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus. Mycopathologia. 97(2): 111-115.

Tsubouchi, H., Terada, H., Yamamoto, K., Hisada, K., & Sakabe, Y. 1988. Ochratoxin A found in commercial roast coffee. J Agric Food Chem. 36(3): 540-542.

Van der Stegen, G. H., Essens, P. J., & Van der Lijn, J. 2001. Effect of roasting conditions on reduction of ochratoxin A in coffee. J Agric Food Chem. 49(10): 4713-47.

Viani, R. 1996. Fate of ochratoxin A (OTA) during processing of coffee. Cooperative work by PEC (Physiological Effects of Coffee committee). Food Addit Contam. 13 Suppl: 29-33.

  Levels and distribution of OTA in green coffee (contamination, survey)
Pitt, J.I., Taniwaki, M.H., Teixeira, A.A., & Iamanaka, B.T. 2001. Distribution of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. niger and A. carbonarius in coffee in four regions of Brazil. In 19th International Scientific colloquium on Coffee, Processings of Association Scientifique International du Café (ASIC) Conferences, Trieste, Italy.

Schmidt, H., Bannier, M., Vogel, R.F., & Niessen, L. 2004. Detection and quantification of Aspergillus ochraceus in green coffee by PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol. 38(6): 464-469.

Suarez-Quiroz, M., Gonzalez-Rios, O., Barel, M., Guyot, B., Schorr-Galindo, S., & Guiraud, J.P. 2004. Study of ochratoxin A-producing strains in coffee processing. Int J Food Sci Tech. 39(5): 501-507.

  Effect of processing and handling on OTA content of green coffee
Bucheli, P., Meyer, I., Pittet, A., Vuataz, G., & Viani, R. 1998. Industrial storage of green robusta coffee under tropical conditions and its impact on raw material quality and ochratoxin A content. J Agri Food Chem. 46(11): 4507-4511.

Bucheli, P., Kanchanomai, C., Meyer, I., & Pittet, A. 2000. Development of ochratoxin A during robusta (Coffea canephora) coffee cherry drying. J Agric Food Chem. 48(4): 1358-1362.

Bucheli, P., & Taniwaki, M.H. 2002. Research on the origin, and on the impact of post-harvest handling and manufacturing on the presence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Food Addit Contam. 19(7): 655-665.

Gollucke, A.P.B., de Q. Tavares, D., & Taniwaki, M.H. 2004. Efeito do processamento sobre a ocratoxina A, em cafe. Higiene-Alimentar. 18(118): 38-48.

Heilmann, W., Rehfeldt, A.G., & Rotzoll, F. 1999. Behaviour and reduction of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans in response to various processing methods. Eur Food Res Technol. 209 (3/4): 297-300.

Joosten, H.M., Goetz, J., Pittet, A., Schellenberg, M., & Bucheli, P. 2001. Production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus carbonarius on coffee cherries. Int J Food Microbiol. 65(1-2): 39-44.

Mantle, P.G., & Chow, A.M. 2000. Ochratoxin formation in Aspergillus ochraceus with particular reference to spoilage of coffee. Int J Food Microbiol. 56(1): 105-109.

Panneeselvam, P., Velmourougane, K., Shanmukhappa, D.R., & Naidu, R. 2001. Studies on mycoflora association during harvesting and on farm processing of robusta coffee in India. In 19th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, Proceedings of Association Scientifique Internationale du Café (ASIC) Conferences, Trieste, Italy.

Paulino De Moraes, M.H., & Luchese, R.H. 2003. Ochratoxin A on green coffee: Influence of harvest and dry processing procedures. J Agric Food Chem. 51(19): 5824-5828.

Puerta-Quintero, G.I. 2001. Strategies to guarantee the quality of the beverage in Colombian Coffees. In 19th International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, Proceedings of Association Scientifique Internationale du Café (ASIC) Conferences, Trieste, Italy.

Suarez-Quiroz, M., Gonzalez-Rios, O., Barel, M., Guyot, B., Schorr-Galindo, S., & Guiraud, J.-P. 2004. Study of ochratoxin A-producing strains in coffee processing. Int J Food Sci Tech. 39(5): 501-507.

Viani, R. 1996. Fate of ochratoxin A (OTA) during processing of coffee. Cooperative work by PEC (Physiological Effects of Coffee committee). Food Addit Contam. 13 Suppl: 29-33.

Viani R. 2002. Effect of processing on ochratoxin A (OTA) content of coffee. Adv Exp Med Biol. 504: 189-93.

  Effect of caffeine on OTA production
Buchanan, H., Tice, G., & Marino, D. 1981. Caffeine inhibition of OTA production. J Food Sci. 47(1): 319-321.

Tsubouchi, H., Terada, H., Yamamoto, K., Hisada, K., & Sakabe, Y. 1985. Caffeine degradation and increased OTA production by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus ochraceus isolated from green coffee beans. Mycopath. 90(3): 181-186.

  Socioeconomic impact of coffee production
Berrueta Soriano, V.M., Limon Aguirre, F., Fernandez Zayas, J.L., & Soto Pinto M.L. 2003. Peasants' participation in the design and construction of a solar coffee dryer. Agrociencia Montecillo, 37(1): 95-106.

Bizimana, C., Nieuwoudt, W.L., & Ferrer, S.R.D. 2002. Factors influencing adoption of recommended farm practices by coffee farmers in Butare, southern Rwanda. Agrekon, 41(3): 237-248.

Bray D.B., Sanchez, J.L.P., & Murphy, E.C. 2002. Social dimensions of organic coffee production in Mexico: lessons for eco-labeling initiatives. Soc Nat Resour, 15(5): 429-446.

Caixeta, I.F., & Pedini, S. 2002. Commercialization of organic coffee. Informe Agropecuario, 23(214-215): 149-152.

Cochet, H., & Ndarishikanye, B. 2000. The production of coffee in Burundi: agronomy, popularization and social returns. Can J Afr Stud., 34(2): 218-248.

De Graaff, J. 1986. The Economics of Coffee. Wageningen, Netherlands. Center Agricultural Pub & Document.

Ellis, F. 2000. Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. 273 p. Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press.

Gresser, C., & Tickell, S. 2003. Mugged: Poverty in your coffee cup. 58 pp. Oxfam Campaign Reports Series, Oxfam Publishing.

Jagoret, P., & Descroix, F. 2002. Changes in Coffea canephora cultivation in Africa, and development issues. In Plantations, recherche, developpement: recherche et cafeiculture. Pp. 44-59. Montpellier; France: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD).

Karanja, A.M., & Wageningen, U. 2002. Liberalisation and smallholder agricultural development: a case study of coffee farms in central Kenya. 203 p. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wageningen University.

Knight, P. 2002. Brazil and the coffee crisis. F.O. Licht's International Coffee Report, 17(5), 75-80.

Love, R.
2001. The Ethiopian coffee filiere and its institutions: cui bono? Rev Afr Polit Econ. 28(88): 225-240.

Love, R. 2000. Institutional parameters of the coffee filiere in Ethiopia: putting the rural in context. 241-264 p. Workneh-Negatu, Addis Abeba Univ. (Ethiopia); Legese-Dadi; Abebe-Hailegebriel; Solomon-Belete (Eds.). Institutions for rural development. 4. Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia, 23-24 Nov 1999, Addis Abeba.

Lyngbaek, A.E., Muschler, R.G., & Sinclair, F.L. 2001. Productivity and profitability of multistrata organic versus conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica. (Selected papers from an international symposium held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 22-27 February 1999). Agroforestry Systems. 53(2), 205-213(9).

Muschler, R., & Beer, J. 2001. Multistrata agroforestry systems with perennial crops. (Selected papers from an international symposium held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 22-27 February 1999). Agroforestry Systems. 53(2), 5-6(2).

Oxfam. 2001. Bitter Coffee: How the Poor are Paying for the Slump in Coffee Prices. 14 pp. Oxfam Press Release. Oxford, UK.

Ponte, S. 2002. Standards, trade and equity: lessons from the specialty coffee industry. CDR Working Papers, 02.13. Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.

Ponte, S. 2001. Coffee Markets in East Africa: Local Responses to Global Challenges or Global Responses to Local Challenges? CDR Working Papers, 01.5. Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.

Pranati, G., & Goswami, P. 2002. Integrated approach for coffee expansion programme in North east: Goalpara experience. Indian Coffee, 66(11): 9-10.

Raynolds, L.T., & Goodman, D. 2002. Consumer/producer links in Fair Trade coffee networks. Sociol ruralis, 42(4): 404-424.

Rice, R.A. 2001. Noble goals and challenging terrain: organic and fair trade coffee movements in the global marketplace. J Agric Environ Ethics, 14(1): 39-66.

Rory, H. 2001. Coffee: is it still a viable cash crop for smallholders in Africa? Outlook Agric. 30(3): 205-212.

Somarriba, E., Beer, J., & Muschler, R.G. 2001. Research methods for multistrata agroforestry systems with coffee and cacao: recommendations from two decades of research at CATIE. (Selected papers from an international symposium held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 22 27 Febrary 1999). Agroforestry Systems. 53(2), 195-203.

Stamm, A., Liebig, K., & Schmid, E. 2002. Work and living conditions in large-scale coffee production in Central America: starting points to secure social minimum standards taking into account the private sector. 50 pp. Reports and Working Papers German Development Institute, No. 4/2002. Bonn, Germany. German Development Institute (GDI).

Third symposium of research on coffee in Brazil, 11-14 May 2003, Centre of culture and discovery, Porto Seguro, BA. 2003. 447 p.

Upton, M. 1996. The Economics of Tropical Farming Systems. In Wye Studies in Agricultural and Rural Development, 374 pp. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press.

Vazquez Garcia, V. 2001. Coffee production and household dynamics. The popolucas of Ocotal Grande, Veracruz. Agric Human Values. 18(1): 57-70.

Venkatachalapathy, A.R. 2002. 'In Those Days There Was No Coffee': Coffee-Drinking and Middle-Class Culture in Colonial Tamilnadu. Indian Econ Soc Hist Rev. 39(2-3): 301-16.

Weiss, B. 2003. Sacred trees, bitter harvests: globalizing coffee in northwest Tanzania. Portsmouth, NH, USA. Heinemann.

Vergriete, Y., & Olivier, A. 2003. Impact of modernisation on species richness in Mexican coffee plantations. Bois et Fôrets des Tropiques, No 275(1). Montpellier, France. Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD).

Young, C.M. 2003. Coffee agroforestry systems for conservation and economic development: a case study of the AMISCONDE Initiative in a buffer zone community of Costa Rica. J Sustain For, 16(1-2): 39-63.

  International Coffee Trade and Commodity Chains
Akiyama, T., 2001. Coffee market liberalization since 1990. In: Commodity Market Reforms, lessons of two decades. Eds: Akiyama T., Baffes J., Larson D., Varangis P. The World Bank, Washington DC.

Bates, R.H., 1999. Open-Economy Politics: The political economy of the world coffee trade. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.

Dicum, G., & Luttinger, N. 1999. The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop. The New Press: New York, USA.

Dorward, A., Kydd, J., & Poulton, C. 1998. Smallholder cash crop production under market liberalisation, a new institutional economics perspective. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. CAB International.

Fitter, R., Kaplinsky, R. 2001. Who gains from products rents as the coffee market bedomes more differentiated? A value chain analysis. IDS Bulletin Paper 32 (3).

Gibbon, P. 2001. Agro-commodity chains: An introduction. IDS Bulletin Paper 32 (3): 60-68.

Giovannucci, D. 2003. The State of Sustainable Coffee: A study of twelve major markets. London. IISD, UNCTAD, ICO.

Hallam, D. (Ed). 2003. Commodity Market Review 2003-2004. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome.

International Trade Centre, UNCTAD & WTO. 2002. Coffee: An exporter's guide. Geneva, Switzerland.

Jacob, H.E., 1999. Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity. Burford Books. Short Hills, NJ, USA.

Kaplinsky, R. 2000. Spreading the gains from globalisation: what can be learned from value chain analysis? IDS Working Paper 110.

Kaplinsky, R., Morris, M. 2001. A Handbook for Value Chain Research. IDRC, 113 p.
http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/VchNov01.pdf.

Larsen, M.N. 2003. Quality standard-setting in the global cotton chain and cotton sector reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa. IIS Working Paper, 03.7. Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen.
http://www.ids.ac.uk/globalvaluechains/publications/larsen-cotton.pdf

Pendergast, M., 1999. Uncommon Grounds: The history of coffee and how it transformed our world. Basic Books: New York, USA.

Ponte, S. 2001. The "latte revolution"? Winners and losers in the restructuring of the global coffee commodity chain. CRD Working Paper, 01.3. Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen.

Talbot, J.M. 1997a. Where does your coffee dollar go? The division of income and surplus along the coffee commodity chain. Stud Comp Int Dev. 32 (1): 56-91.

Talbot, J.M. 1997b. The struggle for control of a commodity chain: Instant coffee from Latin America. Latin American Research Review 32 (2): 117-135.

Trienekens, J.H., Zuurbier, P.J.P. 2000. Chain Management in Agribusiness and the Food Industry. Wageningen: The Netherlands.


Emergence of the problem of OTA contamination in coffee
Dealing with the problem of OTA in coffee
 Photos
 Links to websites
 and documents
 Selected bibliography
 Ideas for group
 discussion/exercises